Article preparation for this series has been a difficult task. The straightforward predetermined path that leads to a proper series post could invariably involve a mix of copy-pasting, sloppy appropriation and smart paraphrasing. I'll do my best to avoid this easier path. I am not beyond falling prey to regurgitating online information, there is no academic authority revising my work after all, but following that path would be somewhat wasteful. And boring. Not to mention painstakingly unoriginal.
The series' purpose is to promote research and a general background about how the nobel prizes in question came to be. Attempting to understand the nuts and bolts behind major breakthrough theories and advances in the realm of economics, albeit conceptually, is of tremendous value to an amateur economist.
And as such, posts like these belong in a website dedicated to an opinion-based take on economics and related subjects.
Having cleared that up, let us begin:
The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1972 was awarded jointly to John R. Hicks and Kenneth J. Arrow "for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"
To appreciate what John Hicks and Kenneth Arrow were celebrated for, it became fundamental to first brush up on the general economic equilibrium theory. A first glance at the theory quickly leads to Leon Walras, who first pioneered the concept. A pattern emerges amongst those who came to pioneer (Walras) and then revolutionize (Hicks and Arrow) the theory: they were all mathematicians first, economists second.
Walras was influenced by his father, Auguste Walras, who pushed him to apply mathematics to economic theories. Leon Walras' subsequent findings, were a product of beauty, as complemented by Antoine Augustin Cournot, French mathematician and Auguste Walras' teacher (possibly mentor) who laid the early foundations for econometrics and published influential work on monopolies and duopolies.
John Hicks touched on what the general equilibrium theory had not built on, mainly additional assumptions regarding consumers (demand) and producers (supply) behavior. More than complementing the theory, what Hicks did was to fortify it. He nurtured it by "spreading the word" via his book Value and Capital, with fellow contemporary economists, giving the theory a new audience, who, by then (1930's - 1940's) were developing alternate theories that would fit in nicely with his. Hicks also formalized comparative statics in the book, which has become second nature to any Economics student. Ceteris paribus notwithstanding, comparative statics is a nifty tool that helps understand how endogenous or exogenous factors affect an equilibrium.
On that same line, it comes as no surprise that most of Hicks' work opened up the possibility for others to take what had previously been put forth (by, for example, school-of-thought defining economists like Keynes) and tinker with the different formulas, provoking thought and new questions. Application became primordial. It was as if a non-digestible ultra-nutritional food was suddenly synthesized to an easy to eat meal. Not only that, as time went by, good taste would become part of the deal too.
The general economic equilibrium theory can get complex, in terms of the dynamism it takes on when taking into account how a supply-and-demand equilibrium can be affected by price (most notably), time, consumer choices, the production function, facing simultaneously the complications that arise from marginalism, and other factors. Hick's nobel prize lecture sheds light on what he had been thinking when he approached the general equilibrium theory, and the factors that distort it. The production function, he says, is affected by invention. Of course! Isn't that obvious?
Not in the least. But, going back to the most primary part of the general equilibrium theory - it is widely understood that good's prices, above all, affect other good's prices, and so forth, until an equilibrium, via normal economic activity, is produced.
Part of what has not been mentioned regarding Hicks' and Arrow's prize is the advancement in welfare theory, which itself was shapen by a Walras and Cournot colleague, Vilifredo Pareto. Much like his peers, Pareto was passionate about veering towards economics as a more scientific discipline, gently leaning away from the more moral philosophical side of things. Still, every Economist mentioned in this post was a philosopher, except for Hicks and Arrow.
That fact is understandable: as Economics progressed, so did the interests of those that advanced it. Mathematical and scientific inquiry was now a must - and if anything, other disciplines would now have to be such that these would comfortably take on issues like behavior. Psychology in economic theory has now become important, and behavioral economics has been given equal footing as well.
Continuing the report on what Hicks prepared for others - If we throw in wages, savings, investment, (Hicks was also responsible for the IS-LM model) growth, and business cycles in the mix, the concocted potion becomes more potent. Hicks references John Stuart Mill and also shakes Adam Smith's invisible hand all throughout his research. It's great to see how giants rest on the shoulders of other giants. Continually.
While Hicks did much for general equilibrium theory, it was Arrow, through the Arrow-Debreu model who rigorously developed a model that proved the existence of general equilibria in any given economy. Per his additional work, Arrow's endogenous growth theory caused an interesting conversation to get going, given that not long before Arrow's time, it was generally believed that mostly exogenous factors caused technological change (and thus advancement). Still, what Arrow did, in my opinion, was not only to theorize, but to focus on the positive aspects a first world country, that invests in research and development, education and forward-thinking social programs might produce in terms of growth. In a similar way, Arrow sets forth an interesting take on political theory through his impossibility theorem.
Technological change, much like politics are practically impossible to observe closely and measure, but are aspects of Economics that merit academia's attention nonetheless. Other economist's growth & social models and theories have benefited and followed suit.
Both Economists were visionaries in their own right - Arrow still is. He is the youngest Economics Nobel Prize Winner to date, which makes it no surprise that he is still amongst the living.
To conclude, something Arrow wrote, that encapsulates the past and future of the general equilibrium theory. Very well put:
'“From the time of Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations in 1776, one recurrent theme of economic analysis has been the remarkable degree of coherence among the vast numbers of individual and seemingly separate decisions about the buying and selling of commodities. In everyday, normal experience, there is something of a balance between the amounts of goods and services that some individuals want to supply and the amounts that other, different individuals want to sell. Would-be buyers ordinarily count correctly on being able to carry out their intentions, and would-be sellers do not ordinarily find themselves producing great amounts of goods that they cannot sell. This experience of balance indeed so widespread that it raises no intellectual disquiet among laymen; they take it so much for granted that they are not supposed to understand the mechanism by which it occurs.”'
For an excellent and technical take on the general equilibrium theory, read Stanford Economist's Jonathan Levin's 2006 paper "General equilibrium".
In writing report, you should have you clear ideas and creative thoughts. Love your blog!
ReplyDeleteonline paraphrase tool
Thanks for loving the blog, Spam robot.
Delete